-- 作者： 鳳翼 -- 發表時間： 2005/01/12 04:36pm From: http://www.khaldea.com/charts/issacnewton.shtml [UploadFile=issacnewton_1105518993.gif] -- 作者： 鳳翼 -- 發表時間： 2005/01/12 04:37pm 轉貼：牛頓的年譜 來源: http://hk.geocities.com/matthew_yeung_sjc/newton_page.htm 牛頓（Isaac Newton）1642年 — 1727年 牛頓（Isaac Newton）於1642年12月25日在烏爾索坡出生。可是,他出世時，他的父親已經去世了。 在1645年，牛頓只有3歲，他的母親便改嫁鄰材的牧師，從此牛頓便與外祖母相依為命了。 到了1649年，牛頓只有6歲,便進私塾念書。製造日晷儀、水車。 在1655年，牛頓只有12歲,他便進格蘭姆皇家中學，寄宿藥師克拉克家。製造風車、水漏時鐘。 在1656年，牛頓的母親的第二任丈夫去世，牛頓休學回家幫忙。 到了1658年，牛頓重回格蘭姆學校。 在1661年，牛頓只有18歲便入劍橋大學三一學院，當工讀生。 在1664年，21歲的牛頓獲得三一學院獎學金，停止工讀，專心研究。 在1666年，牛頓發現萬有引力、微積分學，研究光譜及望遠鏡。 到了1667年，他重回劍橋大學，被選為特別研究員。發明反射望遠鏡。 在1668年，26歲的他獲得碩士學位。 在1669年，他任三一學院的數學講座教授。開始講授光學。 在1671年，牛頓向皇家學會提供反射望遠鏡。 在30歲時，他被選為皇家學會會員。 到了33歲，牛頓發現『牛頓環』，提供光的『微粒說』。 在1677年，他和萊布尼茲宣告發明微積分學，兩人產生論戰。 在牛頓的42歲時，他便開始寫『數學原理』。 過了3年，他的『數學原理』終於出版，令人舉世震驚。 再過一年，他被選為國會議員。可惜的是他的母親去世了。 在48歲時，他便發表宗教論文。 在1692年，牛頓便開始神經衰弱。 一年後，他便把微積分學出書和駁斥無神論者。 在53歲時，牛頓在造幣局當監督。 過了3年，他便在造幣局當局長和擬訂曆法修正案。 到了他的57歲時，他發明六分儀。 在1701年，牛頓連任國會議員。 過了2年，他擔任皇家學會會長。 在他的61歲時，他的『光學』出版了。 在1705年，牛頓被安妮女王封為爵士。 過了3年，他的微積分學公開論戰。 在牛頓在68歲時,他出版了分析學。 到了82歲時，他遷居到郊區養病。 在1726年，他的『數學原理』三版。 在1727年3月20日，牛頓只有84歲時,他便去世了,他被葬於西敏寺。 -- 作者： 鳳翼 -- 發表時間： 2005/01/12 04:38pm From:   http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/Math/Newton.html Issac Newton born: December 25, 1642 Woolsthorpe, England died: March 20, 1727 I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me. (Isaac Newton) CoÐinventor of calculus. Discovered the law of Universal Gravitation. Newton's 3 laws of motion. Corpuscular theory of light. Law of cooling. Professor, Theologian, Alchemist, Warden of the Mint. Newton was a premature child and was very small at birth. His father had died before Newton's birth, and, when he was 3 years old, his mother remarried and left him in the care of his grandmother. He was somewhat sickly as a child, and since he could not join the other children in games he kept himself amused by building mechanical toys such as wooden clocks and sundials and a mouse-powered flour mill. He read a great deal and kept a journal of observations. Newton began his schooling in the village schools and later was sent to Grantham Grammar School where he became the top boy in the school. At Grantham he lodged with the local apothecary and eventually became engaged to the apothecary's stepdaughter, Miss Storey, before he went off to Cambridge University at the age of 19. But Newton became engrossed in his studies, the romance cooled and Miss Storey married someone else. It is said he kept a warm memory of this love, but Newton had no other recorded 'sweethearts' and never married. In 1661, Newton entered Trinity College, Cambridge as a student who earned his expenses by doing menial work. Not much is known of his college days, but his account book seems normal enough -- it mentions several tavern bills and two losses at cards. He received his B.A. degree in 1664, the year that the bubonic plague was sweeping Europe. The colleges closed for what turned out to be two years, so Newton returned to Woolsthorpe to think. Up until then Newton had been somewhat precocious and had been a successful student, but he had done nothing really outstanding. Now things started to happen. His two years at Woolsthorpe represent the greatest recorded achievement of a human intellect in a short period. In these two years, this 'kid' extended the binomial theorem, invented calculus, discovered the law of universal gravitation and had enough time left over to experimentally prove that white light is composed of all colors. Then he had his 25th birthday. If Newton had communicated these results and then died, his reputation would be almost a great as it is today. He lived for another 60 years and made a few additional contributions to the pool of knowledge, but, at most, these later results would have earned him a footnote in history. In two years he invented the calculus which would quickly grow into the largest and most important field in mathematics and which would first have a tremendous impact on physics and astronomy and more recently on fields of biology, economics, business and even political science. At the same time he discovered the law of universal gravitation which explains, on a large scale, how the universe operates. When the plague subsided and the schools reopened in 1667, Newton returned to Trinity College as a Fellow (professor), and 2 years later Dr. Isaac Barrow, Newton's teacher, resigned so Newton could become Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. He was now 26, and from here on it was mostly downhill, at least intellectually. Newton lectured on optics and calculus and physics; he built telescopes and observed Jupiter's moons, and calculated orbits. But these areas became secondary interests. His heart was really in alchemy ("lead into gold," the forerunner of chemistry) and theology and the spiritual universe. He attempted to reconcile the dates of the Old Testament with historical dates, became very involved with astrology and attempted to contact departed "souls." In hindsight, it is easy to dismiss all of this as nonsense, but these were serious attempts of a serious man to understand the entire universe. It is unfortunate, however, that Newton devoted so little of the rest of his life to mathematics and physics. The few times he did return to these areas, he proved that he had not lost his genius. Newton's great discoveries in physics were finally published in 1687 as Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually just called the Principia). By the late 1690s, the followers of Newton and Leibniz were involved in very heated nationalistic arguments over priority in the invention of calculus, and these arguments raged for over a century. Mostly, Newton and Leibniz remained above the squabbling, and the consensus is that each made the discoveries independently. Newton was the first to make the discoveries but he waited 20 years to publish them. Leibniz did not delay as long and published his results first. As a result of this squabble, British mathematicians ignored the fruitful developments in mathematics on the continent and stagnated for almost a century. In developing the calculus, Newton used the method of "fluxions" (from the Latin "flow"): functions flowed and he considered their "rate of flow." He routinely dealt with "infinitesimal" (infinitely small quantities) and used dots above the variable functions to denote derivatives. The notations we use in calculus are primarily due to the other inventor of calculus, Leibniz. Newton and Leibniz both used an intuitive idea of "limit," but neither seemed to have a precise definition of it. Newton served in Parliament twice. He was elected President of the Royal Society and held that position for 24 years. In 1696 he was appointed Warden of the Mint and put in charge of the system of coinage in the British Empire. In 1705 he was knighted by Queen Anne. Except for a few periods of severe insomnia and a persecution mania (perhaps due to overwork or mercury poisoning from his work at the Mint), Newton's health was excellent until the last 3 years of his life. He died in his sleep at the age of 85, and was buried with full national honors in West Minster Abbey. Condensed from Men of Mathematics by E.T. Bell (1937, Simon and Schuster) and An Introduction to the History of Mathematics by H. Eves (1976). -- 作者： 鳳翼 -- 發表時間： 2005/01/12 06:09pm [UploadFile=A4FBB9y_1105524562.png]